The human tendency toward identity-based hatred and violence remains a major contributor to human suffering. Even for people who are not directly targeted by abusers, sharing a trait targeted by a hate crime can cause clinical levels of posttraumatic stress 6 and elevated levels of depression and anxiety in survivors 7. Survivors of hate crime, for example, experience higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to survivors of comparable crimes not motivated by bias 4 and they may ultimately reject or despise the part of their identity that was targeted 5. Such acts of hatred have detrimental effects on survivors and survivors’ communities. ![]() Throughout history, humans have discriminated against and persecuted other humans because of their identities 1, 2, 3. Additional analyses suggest that the association between group-based moral values and EBEPs against outgroups can be partly explained by the belief that these groups have done something morally wrong. ![]() based studies, suggest that moral values oriented around group preservation are predictive of the county-level prevalence of hate groups and associated with the belief that extreme behavioral expressions of prejudice against marginalized groups are justified. As evidence, we report five studies that integrate spatial modeling and experimental methods to investigate the relationship between moral values and EBEPs. Specifically, we propose EBEPs may often be best understood as morally motivated behaviors grounded in people’s moral values and perceptions of moral violations. In this work, we investigate the motivations underlying EBEPs as a function of moral values. ![]() Understanding motivations underlying acts of hatred are essential for developing strategies to prevent such extreme behavioral expressions of prejudice (EBEPs) against marginalized groups.
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